Constraining the intergalactic medium at z ≈ 9.1 using LOFAR Epoch of Reionization observations

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We derive constraints on the thermal and ionization states of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at redshift $\approx 9.1$ using new upper limits on the 21-cm power spectrum measured by the LOFAR radio telescope and a prior on the ionized fraction…

Improved upper limits on the 21 cm signal power spectrum of neutral hydrogen at z ≈ 9.1 from LOFAR

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A new upper limit on the 21 cm signal power spectrum at a redshift of $z \approx 9.1$ is presented, based on 141 h of data obtained with the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR). The analysis includes significant improvements in spectrally smooth…