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--- courses:ast100:3 [2024/11/22 07:14] – [5.3 Black Holes] asad
+++ courses:ast100:3 [2024/11/22 07:44] (current) – [5.3 Black Hole] asad
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 **Mars:** Peace will come after war. But for now, there’s no way without war. Look ahead — the massive Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge, the deepest and longest canyon on Earth. Its deafening roar will make it impossible for any of us to hear one another.
-**Hermes:** We can hear you clearly. Like the final scene in *Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon*, let’s leap from the summit of Namcha Barwa to the very bottom of the gorge. There, amidst all the sounds, we’ll let our words float.
+**Hermes:** We can hear you clearly. Like the final scene in //Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon//, let’s leap from the summit of Namcha Barwa to the very bottom of the gorge. There, amidst all the sounds, we’ll let our words float.
 //[Everyone leaps from the mountain summit and, in a moment, lands 7 km below on the banks of the Siang River.]//
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 **Socrates:** What do you mean by fuel?
-===== - Star Formation =====
+===== - Birth of Stars =====
 {{:bn:courses:ast100:star-formation.webp?nolink|}}
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 **Juno:** At first, it was just a shapeless cloud, but now I see a red sphere in the center surrounded by a flat disk about half a light-year in size. How did the shapeless cloud transform into a spherical core and flat disk over these few million years?
-**Mars:** To understand that, you need to grasp the difference between **gravity** and **rotation**. If I jump into the swift current of the Aungsui River from this rock, I will survive unscathed. However, I would die if I didn’t land in the water because gravity pulls me toward the Earth's center. The closer an astronaut gets to Earth, the stronger Earth's gravity pulls them. This means gravity always attracts, and the closer you are to the center of gravity, the stronger the pull.
+**Mars:** To understand that, you need to grasp the difference between **gravity** and **rotation**. If I jump into the swift current of the Siang River from this rock, I will survive unscathed. However, I would die if I was alive because gravity pulls me toward the Earth's center. The closer an astronaut gets to Earth, the stronger Earth's gravity pulls them. This means gravity always attracts, and the closer you are to the center of gravity, the stronger the pull.
 **Juno:** Is that why you tied a rock to the end of a rope to explain rotation?
@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 ===== - Death of Stars =====
-**Mars:** The remnants of a star’s death are no less fascinating than its life. To understand white dwarfs, let’s travel back to **1604** and meet Kepler in Prague. That year, Kepler observed a supernova, now known as **Kepler’s Supernova**, whose remnants are about 20,000 light-years away from us. The Chandra X-ray Observatory has captured images showing that, even after 400 years, the explosion’s gas is expanding outward at about 30 million km/h. However, this isn’t like the supernovae I’ve mentioned before. This one didn’t form from a massive star but from a smaller one.
+**Mars:** The remains of a star are no less fascinating than its life. To understand white dwarfs, we need to go back to **1604** and meet Kepler in Prague. That year, Kepler observed a supernova, now known as **Kepler’s Supernova**, whose remnants are about 20,000 light-years away from us. The Chandra X-ray Observatory captured images showing that even 400 years after the explosion, the gas is still expanding outward at a speed of about 30 million kilometers per hour. However, this isn’t the same kind of supernova I mentioned earlier. This one wasn’t formed from a massive star but from a smaller one.
-**Socrates:** Smaller stars form white dwarfs, not supernovae, right?
+**Socrates:** Didn’t you say smaller stars only form white dwarfs, not supernovae?
-**Hermes:** Patience! First, let’s visit Prague in 1604.
+**Hermes:** Patience! First, let’s travel to Prague in 1604.
-//[With Hermes’ help, everyone travels to Prague in 1604, where they find Kepler in a marketplace debating with three others.]//
+//[With Hermes' help, everyone travels to a night in 1604 Prague and finds Kepler in a marketplace, engaged in a mild debate with three others.]//
-**Mars:** Stay invisible, all of you. Let me talk to Kepler.
+**Mars:** Stay invisible, everyone. Let me talk to Kepler.
-**Kepler:** I won’t believe it until I see it with my own eyes—a new star in the sky. I want to believe, though, because it would be another major blow to Aristotle’s theory.
+//[Mars approaches the group Kepler was debating with, while the others remain invisible, observing and listening.]//
+**Kepler:** I won’t believe it until I see it with my own eyes—a new star in the sky. I want to believe, though, because it would deliver another significant blow to Aristotle’s theories.
 **Mars:** I saw it myself just last night.
@@ Line 203: / Line 205: @@
 **Mars:** Look in that direction. It’s still visible. Check your charts to see if that star was supposed to be there.
-**Kepler:** Incredible. It truly is a new star. It wasn’t supposed to be there. Since last night, it’s been visible. Aristotle claimed that nothing new happens in the heavens. He’s been proven wrong. My next task is to complete the burial of Aristotle’s theories by proving Copernicus’ heliocentric model.
+**Kepler:** Incredible. It truly is a new star. It wasn’t supposed to be there. It’s been visible since last night. Aristotle said that nothing new happens in the heavens. He’s been proven wrong. My job now is to properly bury Aristotle’s theories by proving Copernicus’ heliocentric model.
-**Mars:** Did you know that this “new” star is itself a kind of burial?
+**Mars:** Did you know that this new star is also a kind of burial?
 **Kepler:** What do you mean? Who are you? A philosopher?
-**Mars:** You don’t need to know who I am. First, tell me, if I, like Plato’s Timaeus, tell you a plausible story about this “new” star, will you listen?
+**Mars:** Who I am doesn’t matter. First, tell me—if, like Plato’s //Timaeus//, I tell you a plausible story about this "new" star, will you listen?
-**Kepler:** I’m thinking of writing a story myself, called *Somnium*. I’m not averse to stories.
+**Kepler:** I’m considering writing a story myself, called //Somnium//. I’m not averse to stories.
 ==== - White Dwarf ====
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 **Socrates:** Humanity might never fully understand if aliens actually exist. But for now, tell me about black holes. How much larger and denser does a star’s core need to be to form a black hole?
-==== Black Hole ====
+==== - Black Hole ====
 **Mars:** By now, you understand how a black hole forms. The fundamental challenge of a star’s life is resisting the relentless inward pull of gravity. The Sun does this through **nuclear pressure** and the pressure of hot gases, white dwarfs resist through **electron degeneracy pressure**, and neutron stars through **neutron degeneracy pressure**. However, if a star’s initial mass is **20 times or more** that of the Sun, its core will have a mass of at least **three times** the Sun’s mass at the time of its death. In such cases, even the degeneracy pressure of neutrons cannot counteract gravity. As the outer layers of the core collapse and bounce off the dense inner core, they cause a powerful supernova explosion, called a **hypernova**. After this explosion, the innermost core collapses under gravity into a near-point of infinite density—a **singularity**.
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 **Socrates:** Is it gravity that prevents light from escaping?
-**Mars:** Exactly. The stronger the surface gravity, the harder it is to escape. To escape Earth’s gravity, an object must travel at **11 km/s**. For the Sun, the escape velocity is **600 km/s**; for a white dwarf, it’s **5,000 km/s**; and for a neutron star, it’s about **100,000 km/s**. Since light travels at **300,000 km/s**, even it struggles to escape from a neutron star, getting stretched and redshifted by gravity. A black hole is an object where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. Since even light cannot escape, we call it a black hole.
+**Mars:** Exactly. The stronger the surface gravity, the harder it is to escape. To escape Earth’s gravity, an object must travel at **11 km/s**. For the Sun, the escape velocity is **600 km/s**; for a white dwarf, it’s **5,000 km/s**; and for a neutron star, it’s about **100,000 km/s**. Since light travels at **300,000 km/s**, even it struggles to escape from a neutron star, getting stretched and redshifted by gravity. A black hole is an object where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. Since even light cannot escape, we call it a black hole. While all the energy and matter are concentrated in the **singularity**, the black hole’s gravitational influence extends up to the **event horizon**. Beyond this boundary, nothing can escape—not even light. If something crosses the event horizon, there’s no return. Even approaching the **innermost stable orbit** is dangerous—anything moving closer is destined to cross the event horizon. Just outside this, light bends so much due to gravity that it orbits the black hole like a satellite, forming a spherical **photon sphere**. Like protostars and pulsars, gas falling into a black hole forms a flat **accretion disk** around it. Some of this material is lost forever, but due to the black hole’s rotation, some of it is ejected in jets along the poles at nearly the speed of light.
-While all the energy and matter are concentrated in the **singularity**, the black hole’s gravitational influence extends up to the **event horizon**. Beyond this boundary, nothing can escape—not even light. If something crosses the event horizon, there’s no return. Even approaching the **innermost stable orbit** is dangerous—anything moving closer is destined to cross the event horizon. Just outside this, light bends so much due to gravity that it orbits the black hole like a satellite, forming a spherical **photon sphere**.
-Like protostars and pulsars, gas falling into a black hole forms a flat **accretion disk** around it. Some of this material is lost forever, but due to the black hole’s rotation, some of it is ejected in jets along the poles at nearly the speed of light.
-**Socrates:** So, what we saw during the Galactic Age as **supermassive black holes** are essentially clusters of many such black holes. But let’s not get lost in the singularity. The Brahmaputra is calling. We must now journey back to Earth, five billion years ago.
+**Socrates:** So, what we saw during the Galactic Age as **supermassive black holes** are essentially combination of many such black holes. But let’s not get lost in the singularity. The Brahmaputra is calling. We must now journey back to Earth, five billion years ago.