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--- courses:ast100:0 [2025/02/05 00:38] – [3. Space-Time-Energy-Matter] asad
+++ courses:ast100:0 [2025/02/05 00:40] (current) – [4. Timeline] asad
@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 **Rabi**: If by seeing past we learn about present can't by seeing others through seeing learn about self?
 ===== - Timeline =====
+**Socrates**: We have understood the present of the universe well because there is a timeline of the past. It is also impossible to understand the present of society without the past. I have doubts about whether it is possible to know oneself by seeing others in the case of humans. However, be that as it may, I think I can take this opportunity to show you the timeline I created.
-SOCRATES: We have a better understanding of the universe's present because we have a timeline of the past. In the case of society, it is not possible to understand the present without the past. However, I have doubts about whether it is possible to know oneself by looking at other people. But anyway, I thought I'd take this opportunity to show you the timeline I made.
 <html><iframe src='https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1j2ZU6TEkcz8jwc3p_Yi1kVtfULD2aARnt66QtzBGAAs&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=750' width='100%' height='750' webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen frameborder='0'></iframe></html>
-[[https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1j2ZU6TEkcz8jwc3p_Yi1kVtfULD2aARnt66QtzBGAAs&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2|This timeline]] has seven events from each era of the universe. So there are 49 total events. There is one slide for each event, and below the slides is a navigation that can be zoomed in and out and panned left and right. It will be useful for our meditation. Browsing the timeline can be a meditation on walking a tightrope into the history of the universe. I think it would be good for all of us if everyone, from Ravi onwards, looked at the seven events of the era and made some comments. Ravi?
+[[https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1j2ZU6TEkcz8jwc3p_Yi1kVtfULD2aARnt66QtzBGAAs&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2|In this timeline]] seven events from each age of the universe have been included. So there are a total of 49 events. Each event has a slide, and below the slide is a navigation that can be zoomed in and out and panned left and right. This will be useful for our meditation. Browsing the timeline can be a meditation of walking towards the history of the universe on a thin rope. I think it would be good for all of us if everyone, starting from Rabi, looks at the seven events of their respective ages and comments on them. Rabi?
-Ravi: Yes, of course. At the outset, I must say again that studying history in this way without maths is not honorable for me. Still reading. The first event of the Particle Age is of course the Big Bang, which gave birth to our Universe approximately fourteen billion years ago. Ever since the universe was born, it has been expanding, sometimes fast, sometimes slowly. Along with the Big Bang, the Universe suddenly expanded in a phenomenon called inflation. After that all forces were born within one trillionth of a second. All the elementary particles, quarks, electrons, protons, etc. arrived within the first second. Within the first 15 minutes, multiple protons gathered to form the nucleus of an element like helium. At first energy was more dense than matter. Fifty thousand years after the Big Bang, matter defeated energy and increased in density. And after 300,000 years, electrons combine with proton nuclei to form atoms, and photons are freed from the tyranny of free electrons. We can still observe these free photons as microwaves. Through them we created the first image of the universe. This is where the particle age ends. Shashi?
-Shashi: I saw the seven events of the galactic era on the timeline. The story goes like this. At the end of the particle age, the universe was essentially a single gas, with a density almost equal everywhere, but with some variation. Where the density is a little higher, in the dark age those areas tend to become denser under the influence of dark matter. One hundred million years after the Big Bang, the Dark Ages ended, two hundred million years later, galaxies and stars began to form from the accumulation of gas in areas of overdensity; Its name is Cosmic Dawn. In the first six hundred million years, the intergalactic medium formed, and in eight hundred million years, our galaxy, the Milky Way, was born. A billion years after the Big Bang, the Universe was filled with galaxies, and within two and a half billion years the quasars, the most massive and active galaxies, were born. The Galactic Era ended when clusters of galaxies formed three billion years after the Big Bang. Mars?
+**Rabi**: Yes, of course. First, I must say again, studying history in this way without math is not honorable for me. Still, I am reading. The first event of the Particle age is definitely the Big Bang, through which our universe was born approximately fourteen billion years ago. Since its birth, the universe has been expanding, sometimes fast, sometimes slow. Immediately after the Big Bang, an event called inflation caused the universe to expand suddenly. Within one trillionth of a second, all forces were born. Within the first second, all elementary particles, quarks, electrons, protons, etc., appeared. Within the first 15 minutes, multiple protons gathered to form the nucleus of elements like helium. Initially, the density of energy was higher than that of matter. Fifty thousand years after the Big Bang, the density of matter increased, surpassing energy. And after three hundred thousand years, electrons combined with the nucleus of protons to form atoms, and photons were freed from the oppression of free electrons. These free photons can still be observed as microwaves. Through them, we have created the first picture of the universe. This is where the Particle age ends. Shashi?
-Mars: The start of the Stellar Age is estimated to be 10.4 billion years ago, three and a half billion years after the Big Bang. At that time, most stars were forming inside the galaxies of the Universe. Ten billion years ago, Population One stars were born, which are young, metal-rich, and reside in the galaxy's disk. Nine billion years ago many clusters of stars formed and our galaxy got its thin disk. After a billion years, many voids were formed in the universe due to the formation of superclusters of galaxies. Six billion years ago, the repulsive dark energy won out over the attractive gravity, causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. Five and a half billion years ago the Milky Way took on a spiral shape, and 4.6 billion years ago the Stellar Age ended with the birth of our Solar System. Hermes?
+**Shashi**: I saw the seven events of the Galactic age on the timeline. The story goes like this. At the end of the Particle age, the universe meant a single gas, with almost equal density everywhere, but with some variation. Where the density was a bit higher, those places became denser under the influence of dark matter during the Dark Age. The Dark Age ended one hundred million years after the Big Bang, and two hundred million years later, galaxies and stars began to form from gas accumulations in over-dense areas; this is called the Cosmic Dawn. Within the first six hundred million years, the intergalactic medium formed, and within eight hundred million years, our galaxy, the Milky Way, was born. One billion years after the Big Bang, the universe was filled with galaxies, and within two and a half billion years, quasars, the most massive and active galaxies, were born. The Galactic age ends three billion years after the Big Bang when galaxies form clusters. Mars?
-Hermes: The first important event in the planetary era was the birth of the Inner (closest to the Sun) planets 4.55 billion years ago. After 50 million years, the Sun attains the status of a main sequence, i.e. full-fledged star. About 4.4 billion years ago the hot Earth cooled and the oceans were born. But after that, for about 300 million years, there was a huge bombardment of rocks from space on the earth. At the end of this disaster, the continental crust was formed which is still moving, still changing the shape of the continents. 3.6 billion years ago, all the continents of the world joined together to form the Valbara supercontinent. This era ends here. Juno?
+**Mars**: The Stellar age is considered to have started 10.4 billion years ago, meaning three and a half billion years after the Big Bang. At that time, the most stars were being formed within the galaxies of the universe. Ten billion years ago, Population I stars were born, which are young, metal-rich, and reside in the disk of galaxies. Nine billion years ago, many clusters of stars formed, and our galaxy got its thin disk. One billion years later, the formation of superclusters of galaxies created many voids in the universe. Six billion years ago, repulsive dark energy triumphed over attractive gravity, causing the expansion speed of the universe to increase. Five and a half billion years ago, the Milky Way got its spiral shape, and 4.6 billion years ago, the Stellar age ended with the birth of our solar system. Hermes?
-Juno: Socrates, you began the Chemical Age 3.6 billion years ago, when organic life probably first evolved from inert matter in hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. The first fossils of organisms are found three and a half billion years ago. The first successful organisms, bacteria, left the sea and came to land about three billion years ago. A hundred million years later, large amounts of cyanobacteria in the oceans began releasing oxygen into the Earth's atmosphere through photosynthesis. The first eukaryote to form a nucleus inside the cell appeared 2.7 billion years ago. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased greatly two and a half billion years ago, three hundred million years later the ozone layer was formed. The chemical age ended with ozone. Ishtar?
+**Hermes**: The first important event of the Planetary age is the birth of the inner (close to the sun) planets 4.55 billion years ago. Five million years later, the sun reached the main sequence, meaning it achieved the status of a full-fledged star. Approximately 4.4 billion years ago, the hot Earth cooled down, and the oceans were born. But for the next three hundred million years, the Earth was bombarded by huge rocks from space. At the end of this disaster, the continental crust formed, which is still moving and changing the shape of continents. 3.6 billion years ago, all the continents of the Earth joined together to form the Vaalbara supercontinent. This is where this age ends. Juno?
-Ishtar: Biodiversity began to increase during the Biological Era. The first complex cells were formed one and a half billion years ago. Many cells came together to bring about the multicellular revolution 600 million years ago. Two hundred million years later, animals emerged from water on land. Two hundred million years ago, warm-blooded animals appeared, and 65 million years ago, the asteroid impact ended with the extinction of the dinosaurs. Rhea?
+**Juno**: Socrates, you started the Chemical age 3.6 billion years ago when possibly the first organic life was created from inorganic matter in hydrothermal vents under the sea. The first fossil of life is found from three and a half billion years ago. The first successful life, bacteria, came to land from the sea about three billion years ago. One hundred million years later, a large amount of cyanobacteria in the sea began to release oxygen into the Earth's atmosphere through photosynthesis. The first eukaryote with a nucleus in its cell appeared 2.7 billion years ago. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly two and a half billion years ago, and three hundred million years later, the ozone layer formed. The Chemical age ends with the ozone layer. Ishtar?
-Rhea: The Cultural Age begins with the birth of the first hominines approximately 7 million years ago. Animals of the genus Australopithecus and Homo appeared on earth between 4 and 1 million years ago. And the first modern humans walked the earth probably three hundred thousand years ago in Africa. Humans began to spread across the globe from Africa over a hundred thousand years ago. Fifty thousand years ago humans started a great revolution in religion, music and art. Agriculture began 10,000 years ago, followed by the first states 5,000 years later. Globalization began five hundred years ago, with its second wave beginning two hundred years ago with the Industrial Revolution. Here is the end of cultural age.
+**Ishtar**: In the Biological age, the diversity of life began to increase. One and a half billion years ago, the first complex cells formed. Six hundred million years ago, many cells came together to bring about the revolution of multicellular life. Two hundred million years later, animals came out of the water onto land. Two hundred million years ago, warm-blooded animals were born, and sixty-five million years ago, the Biological age ended with the extinction of dinosaurs due to an asteroid impact. Rhea?
-SOCRATES: It was really necessary to listen to everyone. You understand, I am not talking about the history of all places in the universe, I am talking about the history of the humans. The Universe came here as part of human history. This is why the Galactic Age focuses on the Milky Way, the Stellar Age focuses mainly on the stars of the Milky Way, the Planetary Age focuses on the Solar System, the Chemical and Biological Age focuses on Earth's biosphere, and the Cultural Age focuses solely on human culture. It is our history, our meditation.
+**Rhea**: Approximately seven million years ago, the Cultural age began with the birth of the first hominins. The creatures of Australopithecus and Homo genus appeared on Earth four to one million years ago. And the first modern humans probably walked the Earth three hundred thousand years ago in Africa. Humans began to spread from Africa to the rest of the world one hundred thousand years ago. Fifty thousand years ago, humans started a huge revolution in religion, music, and art. Agriculture began ten thousand years ago, and five thousand years later, the first states appeared. Globalization began five hundred years ago, and its second wave started two hundred years ago with the Industrial Revolution. This is where the Cultural age ends.
+**Socrates**: Hearing from everyone was really necessary. You can understand, I am not telling the history of every part of the universe, but actually the history of humans. The universe has come here as part of human history. This is why the Milky Way is mentioned in the Galactic age, the focus is mainly on the stars of the Milky Way in the Stellar age, the main subject of the Planetary age is the solar system, and the subjects of the Chemical and Biological ages are the Earth's biosphere, and the subject of the Cultural age is only human culture. This is our history, the subject of our meditation.