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--- courses:phy101l:6 [2023/05/27 03:54] – created asad
+++ courses:phy101l:6 [2023/12/07 05:51] (current) – asad
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== 6. Heat transfer in metals ======
+===== - Introduction =====
+The goal of this experiment is to measure the **rate of heat transfer** of copper and steel and compare. The rate of heat transfer
+ $H = \frac{k A \Delta T}{L}$
+where  $k$  is **thermal conductivity** which has the units [W m $^{-1}$  K $^{-1}$ ],  $A$  is the cross-sectional area of the conductor,  $L$  is its length and  $\Delta T$  is the difference in temperature between the two ends of the conductor.
+The thermal conductivity of copper and steel are given below.
+^ Material ^ Thermal conductivity [W m $^{-1}$  K $^{-1}$ ] ^
+| Copper (Cu) |  $401$  |
+| Steel (Fe+C) |  $14$  |
+===== - Method and data =====
+==== - List of apparatus ====
+  - Beaker
+  - Thermometer
+  - Substance (Copper, Steel)
+  - Weighing scale
+  - Water (20 ml)
+==== - Setup and Procedure ====
+Using a Vernier calipers measure the radius of the rods and from the radius ( $r$ ) calculate  $A=\pi r^2$ .
+Using a thread and a meter scale measure the length  $L$  of the rods.
+==== - Data table ====
+Measure the temperature changes and note down in the following table.
+^ Time [minute] ^ Temperature of Copper [ $^\circ$ C] ^ Temperature of Steel [ $^\circ$ C] ^
+| 0 |  |  |
+| 1 |  |  |
+| 2 |  |  |
+| 3 |  |  |
+| 4 |  |  |
+| 5 |  |  |
+===== - Graphical analysis =====
+===== - Heat transfer =====
+Compare  $H_c$  and  $H_s$  in units of J min $^{-1}$ .
+===== - Discussion and conclusion =====