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--- courses:ast403:galaxy-luminosity-function [2026/02/14 06:39] – shuvo
+++ courses:ast403:galaxy-luminosity-function [2026/02/14 06:47] (current) – shuvo
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 The most widely used mathematical model for the global galaxy distribution is the **Schechter function** (1976). It describes the number of galaxies $\Phi(L)dL$ in the luminosity interval $[L, L + dL]$ as a combination of a power law at the faint end and an exponential cutoff at the bright end:
-$$\Phi(L) dL = \left( \frac{\Phi^*}{L^*} \right) \left( \frac{L}{L^*} \right)^\alpha \exp(-L/L^*) dL$$
+$$\Phi(L) \ dL = \left( \frac{\Phi^*}{L^*} \right) \left( \frac{L}{L^*} \right)^\alpha \exp(-L/L^*) \ dL$$
 [{{ :courses:ast403:phi_l.jpg?600 |Fig 1: A schematic plot of the Schechter function.}}]
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 The function is defined by three primary parameters as illustrated in the figure above:
-$L^*$ (Characteristic Luminosity): The "break" luminosity where the function transitions from power-law to exponential decay. In the blue band, $L_B^* \approx 1.2 \times 10^{10} h^{-2} L_\odot$, which is comparable to the luminosity of the Milky Way.
+**$L^*$ (Characteristic Luminosity):** The "break" luminosity where the function transitions from power-law to exponential decay. In the blue band, $L_B^* \approx 1.2 \times 10^{10} h^{-2} L_\odot$, which is comparable to the luminosity of the Milky Way.
-$\alpha$ (Faint-end Slope): This defines the abundance of faint galaxies. Typical values are $\alpha \approx -1.07$ for blue-band surveys. If $\alpha \leq -1$, the total number density of galaxies is formally infinite, though the physical function is cut off at a minimum luminosity.
+**$\alpha$ (Faint-end Slope):** This defines the abundance of faint galaxies. Typical values are $\alpha \approx -1.07$ for blue-band surveys. If $\alpha \leq -1$, the total number density of galaxies is formally infinite, though the physical function is cut off at a minimum luminosity.
-$\Phi^*$ (Normalization): The number density of galaxies per Mpc$^3$, typically found to be $\Phi^* \approx 1.6 \times 10^{-2} h^3 \text{ Mpc}^{-3}$.
+**$\Phi^*$ (Normalization):** The number density of galaxies per Mpc$^3$, typically found to be $\Phi^* \approx 1.6 \times 10^{-2} h^3 \text{ Mpc}^{-3}$.
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 The "universal" Schechter function is often a simplification, as the luminosity distribution depends heavily on morphology and environment:
-//Color Bimodality:// The galaxy population exhibits a bimodal distribution in color-magnitude space. Red sequence galaxies (older, early-type) dominate at high luminosities, while the blue cloud (star-forming, late-type) dominates at lower luminosities.
+**Color Bimodality:** The galaxy population exhibits a bimodal distribution in color-magnitude space. Red sequence galaxies (older, early-type) dominate at high luminosities, while the blue cloud (star-forming, late-type) dominates at lower luminosities.
-//Environmental Dependence:// In rich clusters, the luminosity function is dominated at the bright end by ellipticals and S0 galaxies, and at the faint end by dwarf ellipticals ($dE$). Clusters often contain a cD galaxy at the center that is significantly brighter than the Schechter $L^*$ predicts, representing a "light excess" at large radii.
+[{{ :courses:ast403:galaxy_color.jpg?600 |Fig2: The density of galaxies in color–magnitude space.The color of ∼ 70 000 galaxies with redshifts $0.01 \le z \le 0.08$ from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey is measured by the rest-frame $u−r$, i.e., after a (small) correction for their redshift was applied.}}]
+**Environmental Dependence:** In rich clusters, the luminosity function is dominated at the bright end by ellipticals and S0 galaxies, and at the faint end by dwarf ellipticals ($dE$). Clusters often contain a cD galaxy at the center that is significantly brighter than the Schechter $L^*$ predicts, representing a "light excess" at large radii.
 [{{ :courses:ast403:phil_env.jpg?400 | Fig 2: The luminosity function for different Hubble types
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 Accurate determination of the luminosity function requires two critical corrections:
-//K-Correction:// As galaxies are redshifted, a fixed observational filter samples bluer parts of their rest-frame spectra. The K-correction $K(z)$ is added to the observed magnitude to recover the rest-frame luminosity.
+**K-Correction:** As galaxies are redshifted, a fixed observational filter samples bluer parts of their rest-frame spectra. The K-correction $K(z)$ is added to the observed magnitude to recover the rest-frame luminosity.
-//Malmquist Bias:// In flux-limited surveys, intrinsically luminous galaxies are visible at much greater distances than dim ones. They are consequently overrepresented in samples, necessitating a volume-weighting correction.
+**Malmquist Bias:** In flux-limited surveys, intrinsically luminous galaxies are visible at much greater distances than dim ones. They are consequently overrepresented in samples, necessitating a volume-weighting correction.