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--- un:metaphysics [2023/06/30 04:40] – asad
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-====== Metaphysics ======
-The ancient definition of metaphysics was based on the books written by [[Aristotle]] on the subjects of [[being]] and first causes. This definition assigned three subject-matters to metaphysics: being as such, first causes of things, and unchanging things. In the 17th century, a new term called **ontology** was coined to define the field that studies being as such. Christian Wolff draws an interesting distinction between 'general' metaphysics or ontology that studies being as such, and 'special' metaphysics that studies the special ways of being of individual things. Metaphysics has changed a lot, but those three ancient topics continue to be integral parts of modern metaphysics.
-Being and non-being, existing, not existing and subsisting are equally the subject-matters of metaphysics. here is a list of metaphysical propositions.
-  - [[Parmenides]]: being is, not-being not.
-  - [[Ibn Sina]]: essence precedes existence.
-  - [[Anselm]]: existence in reality is greater than existence in the understanding alone.
-  - [[Descartes]]: existence is a perfection.
-  - [[Kant]]: being is a logical, not a real predicate.
-  - [[Hegel]]: being is the most barren and abstract of all categories.
-  - [[Frege]]: affirmation of existence is in fact nothing but the denial of the number zero.
-  - [[Russell]]: universals do not exist but rather subsist or have being.
-  - [[Quine]]: to be is to be the value of a bound variable.
-  - McDaniel: an object's degree of being is proportionate to the naturalness of its mode of existence.